Chapter 13.
Chapter 13 focuses on organization. The sub points are- What organizing pattern should you choose, how can you arrange your argument and how can you create an outline. Depending on the paper you are writing, it typically varies on what kind of organization technique you use, some of the simple but not usually used for papers like persuasive ones, are cause/effect, pro/con and strength/weakness. Some that do work though if you're doing a persuasive paper are a mix of description, multiple perspectives, and problem/solution. It usually doesn't help to much if you just do one single kind of organization since it can make your paper seem boring or very repetitive. When it comes down to actually arranging your argument, there are a few things you can do. One of which is evidence grouping. You categorize your information into groups that relate to each other from different sources so they don't randomly appear throughout the paper making the paper seem scattered. The next point, which is how to create your outline have a few different things you can try. First you start by doing a formal outline which will provide a complete and accurate list of the information you are going to include in your paper, and you use roman numerals to show the hierarchy of it. Next you choose which style you'll use, like sentence or topical outlines. Topical outlines consist of the topic and subtopics which are presented in a series of words or phrases. With similar information presented in a similar grammatical format as the others. The other choice is to do a sentence outline which uses complete sentences to define the points you'll cover.

Chapter 12
Chapter 12 goes over the way you start to develop your argument. The first sub point is how you can support your thesis statement, and the other is how can you assess the integrity of your argument.
To start off with,
one way to support your thesis is by choosing reasons that back it up. The reasons that you place inside can help new readers understand your topic a little bit more and what you are hoping that they get out of it after reading. Next, you have to find evidence to back up your reasons, otherwise you can't build up credibility. Lastly, a good way to support your thesis is by making appeals to authority, emotion, principals,values, beliefs, and character. Depending on your paper, and the style that you chose to use, your choice of which appeal you will end up using will change.
When assessing the integrity of your paper, it's good to check for a couple of things.
1. Fallacies based on distraction. Avoid irrelevant and distracting points.
2. Look for fallacies based on questionable assumptions. ie. generalizations, hopping on the bandwagon, and citing inappropriate authorities.
3. Look for fallacies based on careless reasoning.

Chapter 11
Chapter 11 covers the basis of developing your thesis statement. It starts off by explaining how to use sources and your position statement so you can then transform it into the draft of your thesis statement. You will be pulling information from your sources to help add onto your position statement. After reviewing/critically reading your sources and seeing if your position has changed over the course of the project, you can come down to your final place. From there you can start to draft your thesis statement. When drafting it helps to find important information ideas and arguments that are located in your position statement. Next you have to consider what kind of document it is that you'll be writing,and consider drafting alternative thesis's. Some for different kinds of thesis's you can do are ones that ask readers to learn a about something new, to change their attitudes and/or beliefs and then to ask them to take action. Finally you focus your thesis statement. Broad statements don't help encourage readers to learn anything new because for one reason, it doesn't provide an interesting hook that would intrigue people to read on. By focusing your thesis it provides points and asks questions that will hopefully bring someone to read your document further.

Chapter 16:
 Chapter 16 covers the topic of writing with style. I think this was one of the most helpful chapters so far because of it covered a few topics that I need to work on. Mainly the topics of concise writing and using an active or passive voice. I have the tendency to use unnecessary modifiers in my papers pretty often due to the fact that I'll write what pops into my head as an idea just to get it down and then I end up forgetting about certain words that I used which I could do without. The second thing is using introductory phrases. When it comes to introductory phrases, I tend to use the more strenuous ones because for me at least, they either sound to short or not wanting to sound to straightforward. The last thing is a variety in word choice. I notice that within some paragraphs or sections of the papers I write that I'll end up being repetitive in my words which can lead to a rather boring  paper, in just being repetitive in the structure and meaning of a specific part..

Riddell, Kelly. "Chicago Crime Rate Drops as Concealed Carry Applications Surge." The           Washington Times 24 Aug. 2014: n. pag. Print.

This newspaper article explains the effect of a state that started to grant concealed carry permits. In Chicago alone, reports of burglary and car theft have gone down by 20 percent and 26 percent and the city’s homicide rate was at a 56 year low. The article stated that with a large amount of permits being issued, that instead of more crimes happening, it has coincided with lower rates instead. It was also noted that a study by the Crime Prevention Research Center found that 11.1 million people legally have a concealed carry and meanwhile, homicide and other crimes have dropped by 22 percent. I will use this source as an overall implication that if there is knowledge of any one person having a gun on them, criminals are pushed away more since they won’t want to risk being shot if they choose the wrong person or building.

Rostron, Allen. "School Shootings And The Legislative Push To Arm Teachers." University        Of Toledo Law Review 45.3 (2014):439-455.Academic Search Premier. Web. 28   Oct.

2014.

This article explains what has been going on with certain groups like the NRA and legislation in certain states. It discusses what 5 different states have done, or have already been doing in their school districts in the way of arming faculty or inserting armed sentinels. In the article it stated an idea by the NRA which actually showed a reasonable solution for schools that wanted to insert an armed guard of the sort. They suggested that instead of having to find people or use unavailable law enforcement officers, they could use retired/ex-military and law enforcement personnel that would volunteer to act as the guards. This article can help provide me with options or reasoning behind the reason to push for armed personnel on school grounds that others might find reasonable.

"Students Fend off Robber, Face Persecution from Their University, The Spokesman-Review,             Spokane, Wash. 11/11/13, The Associated Press, 11/11/13." NRAILA RSS. National     Rifle Association, 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

This account from the NRA’s “Armed Citizen” articles gives a quick review of an event that happened to two students that went to Gonzaga University. The two students were living in a University owned apartment that was located off campus. One of the students had answered the door only to find someone asking for money and then got aggressive and tried to break in. His roommate who had a license to carry showed up with his pistol and at the sight of it the felon took off. This kind of event shows that you won’t always have time to call security or 911 especially if you are pre-occupied with trying to prevent someone from doing something in that moment. And because one of the students had a license and legally owned firearm, they managed to prevent themselves from becoming another statistic. I can use this article to support the issue of students owning a firearm, because as stated before, you won’t always have time to call for help and if no weapons are allowed then you are left helpless until someone notices or until it’s too late.

Westerholm, Russell. "Eastern Florida State College Shooter Allowed Back on Campus; Cops

Determine Shot Fired Was in Self Defense."University Herald 4 Feb. 2014: n. pag. Print

In an attempt to defend himself, a student that went to Eastern Florida State College, reached

His car where he kept a gun. He managed to reach it and shoot one of the two people who tried

to jump him. This relates to one two laws that Georgia is thinking about passing. One is to allow people to have a weapon in their car or vehicle while it’s on campus, and the other is to allow general carry in all parts of campus. Even though the weapon is not on a person, having it on campus can mean a big change during the event of a crime taking place. This could open up people to the idea of guns on campus, since people will not be carrying a weapon on them at all times. I think I can use this article to help readers understand the different options that are available and less hazardous.

“Guns on Campus: Overview." Guns on Campus: Overview. National Conference of State

Legislatures,n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2014.   

This article provides a general conception of the laws/rules that states have passed. Such as, all 50 states allow you to have a concealed carry permit, 20 states strictly ban guns on campus, and 23 states leave the choice to the college or university itself. It goes on to tell of the success that states have had trying to pass bills that would prohibit carrying a weapon on higher education campuses. And the start of many states that are allowing guns to be on campus, being that Idaho is the 7th state to pass legislation. I can use this to provide further sources on court cases involving these bills.

Chapter 15:
 Chapter 15 helps  you become capable of using your sources effectively. As it said in the book, even if they writer is a trusted person, it provides the reader a bit more security not just be reading the facts you state blandly, but to actually have them backed up by someone that has a reputation of a sort. Weather its a politician, scientist or religious figure. When depicting the other sides ideas or arguments on the issue, sometimes using your own words to bad mouth them will make the reader less interested since they will feel you are to biased towards your side. If you quote somebody though, that says those words instead, you will be able to make your paper seem more fair and balanced in tone. To further the use of sources, there are a few other things you can do. One of those is to use a source to help clarify a specific statement to make it have a stronger effect. Another way is quite simple. You can set a mood for the reader which can make them take in/perceive the information differently. For example, if you have a picture of a beautiful sunset or lake, it can lighten the readers mood by having an emotional impact

Chapter 9:
Chapter 9 provides a quick informative on searching for information with print resources. It explains how to search your library's stacks for sources and what to use, like interlibrary loan, periodicals and books. And in case a book is unavailable for check out, it covers a few ways you might be able to use it without taking it out of the library. If you can't find much in those areas then there is always source digging. You can find useful sources from bibliographies, government, pamphlet and citation indexes. These can help you find information depending on what you need. Government indexes for example will list documents that were published by federal, state and local governments. And when you want to dig deeper into publications that are similar in information, you can use the citation indexes to help. If you become stuck on a topic and having trouble finding new information, encyclopedias can sometimes help by giving you just enough information to start your search again.
Even though it can be a bit painful to backtrack sources, I've found it more useful to use bibliographies when searching for more information to expand in detail if the sources are relative until you reach the end of the sources, or basically the start of the topic. And then I highlight what thoughts and ideas differ from each source and could be useful in my project so I don't end up repeating myself to much.